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<span style="line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">Shah Alam Bahadur&nbsp;(AH 1119-1124 /1707-1712 AD),&nbsp;Mahmud Bandar (Parangipettai/ Porto Novo)&nbsp;Mint, Silver Rupee,&nbsp;AH 1121/3 RY, Obv: <span style="line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">Persian legend “Sikka Mubarak Badshah Ghazi Shah Alam Bahadur”&nbsp;with Hijri year 1121,<span style="line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;"> Rev:<span style="line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">Persian legend “sana 3 julus”&nbsp;&amp; “Mahmud Bandar”&nbsp;at the bottom,<span style="line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;"> 11.24g, 23.11mm,<span style="line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;"> <span style="line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">(KM # 348.26),<span style="line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;"> nice patina, centrally struck, graded &amp; slabbed by&nbsp;<span style="line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">NGS as MS60, Extremely Rare.

Note: Mahmud Bandar, originally known as Parangipettai, began as a small coastal settlement on the Coromandel Coast. In the early sixteenth century it was renamed Porto Novo by the Portuguese and developed as a maritime trading port. The town did not pass into Mughal hands through direct conquest but as a consequence of the imperial annexation of Bijapur and Golconda in AH 1098–1099 (1686–1687 AD), after which the Carnatic coast was reorganised under Mughal administration and Porto Novo was incorporated as an imperial port under the new name Mahmud Bandar.Under normal Mughal practice, the establishment of a mint followed political consolidation, the appointment of officials, revenue assessment, and demonstrated economic need, making minting a marker of settled sovereignty rather than mere territorial acquisition. Mahmud Bandar, however, presents a notable departure from this pattern. Coins are known in the name of Aurangzeb dated AH 1119, regnal year 51, even though the emperor died on 28 Zilqadah AH 1118 (3 March 1707 AD). These posthumous issues could not have been authorised by Aurangzeb and are attributable to the initiative of the Carnatic Nawab Zulfiqar Ali Khan Nusrat Jang, reflecting the weakening of effective imperial control in the Deccan.This political reality is noted by Khafi Khan in the Muntakhab-ul-Lubab, where he observes that after the death of Alamgir the authority of imperial officers survived largely in name rather than in effective command. Although Shah Alam Bahadur exercised legal sovereignty, real power rested with autonomous nobles, Carnatic nawabs, and regional chiefs. The minting pattern at Mahmud Bandar corroborates this condition, with only single-year issues known for Shah Alam Bahadur dated AH 1121, regnal year 3, indicating irregular mint activity driven by the commercial needs of the port rather than imperial policy. Coins from Mahmud Bandar are known only in the names of Aurangzeb and Shah Alam Bahadur and are exceptionally rare, standing as clear numismatic evidence of increasing provincial autonomy and the symbolic survival of Mughal authority in the early eighteenth century.

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